The power of traditional geopolitics is being challenged in the 21st century. Territory, natural resources and military power have long constituted — and remain — the principal foundations of national influence. But technological capabilities are becoming just as important, and sometimes more so, in shaping the fate of nations as they amplify geopolitical advantages, compensate for traditional disadvantages or reshape the balance of power. Science historian Gabrielle Hecht developed the concept of “technopolitics” to describe how political objectives could be embedded in the design of nuclear technology. Today, it encompasses the broader convergence of geopolitics and technology: states increasingly develop, control and employ technology not simply as an industrial asset, but as an instrument of political, economic, diplomatic and security strategies. This shift has become increasingly explicit in national strategy. Last August, the United States released its National Security Science and Technology Strategy, elevating science and technology to a central pillar of national secu